White space isn't wasted space—it's a powerful design tool. Learn how to improve readability, create visual hierarchy, and boost conversions with strategic use of negative space.
What is White Space?
White space (also called negative space) is the empty area between design elements. It doesn't have to be white—it can be any color, pattern, or even an image used as background.
It includes:
- Margins and padding
- Space between lines of text (line height)
- Space between paragraphs
- Gaps between images and text
- Empty areas in layouts
Why White Space Matters
1. Improves Readability
Proper spacing makes text easier to read. Research shows that white space around text and titles increases comprehension by up to 20%.
Compare a cramped paragraph with proper line height to one without—the difference is dramatic.
2. Creates Visual Hierarchy
White space guides the eye through your content. It helps users understand what's most important and what to focus on first.
"White space is like punctuation for design—it creates rhythm and emphasis."
3. Looks Professional
Luxury brands use tons of white space. Why? Because it creates a sense of quality, sophistication, and intentionality.
Cramped designs look cheap and overwhelming. Spacious designs look premium and deliberate.
4. Increases Conversions
White space around calls-to-action increases conversion rates. When a CTA button has breathing room, it stands out and gets clicked more often.
Common White Space Mistakes
1. Cramming Too Much Content
Trying to fit everything "above the fold" is a mistake. Users scroll. Give your content room to breathe.
2. Inconsistent Spacing
Random gaps look sloppy. Use a consistent spacing system (multiples of 8px or 4px work well).
3. Not Enough Line Height
Text that's too tightly spaced is hard to read. Aim for line height of 1.5-1.7 for body text.
4. Ignoring Mobile Spacing
Mobile screens are smaller, but that doesn't mean you should cram content. Proper spacing is even more critical on mobile for touch targets and readability.
How to Use White Space Effectively
Macro White Space
Large spaces between major sections:
- Padding around page sections
- Margins around hero images
- Space between navigation and content
Micro White Space
Small spaces between smaller elements:
- Letter spacing in headings
- Padding inside buttons
- Space between list items
- Gaps in form fields
White Space Best Practices
1. Use It Intentionally
Every spacing decision should be purposeful. Don't just add random padding—use spacing to create relationships between elements.
2. Create a Spacing Scale
Define a spacing system (e.g., 8px, 16px, 24px, 32px, 48px, 64px) and stick to it. Consistency creates harmony.
3. Group Related Elements
Use proximity (closeness) to show relationships. Related items should be closer together than unrelated items.
4. Don't Be Afraid of Empty Space
Resist the urge to fill every pixel. Sometimes the most powerful design choice is to leave an area empty.
Examples in Practice
Apple.com
Apple's website is a masterclass in white space. Each product gets ample room to shine. The result? Products look premium and desirable.
Medium.com
Medium's reading experience prioritizes white space around text. Wide margins, generous line height, and paragraph spacing make articles easy to read.
Stripe.com
Stripe uses white space to create clear visual hierarchy. Important information stands out because it has breathing room.
Testing White Space
Try this exercise with your website:
- Screenshot your homepage
- Increase all padding and margins by 50%
- Compare the two versions
Chances are, the more spacious version looks more professional and easier to navigate.
The Bottom Line
White space isn't empty—it's doing important work. It improves readability, creates focus, establishes hierarchy, and builds trust.
When in doubt, add more space. Your users (and your conversion rates) will thank you.